Broken Bridge on the Yalu River

The Broken Bridge, originally the first bridge across the Yalu River, was built in 1909. It is 944.2 meters long and 11 meters wide, with twelve spans. The fourth span from the Chinese side serves as an opening and closing beam. It rotates 90 degrees around the fourth circular pier to facilitate navigation for passing ships. Each rotation takes 20 minutes. It was destroyed by US bombing during the Korean War. The four spans remaining on the Chinese side bear witness to the war. It is now a national patriotic education center. Visitors can access the bridge with a ticket.

Half of the bridge is Chinese, while the half destroyed by US forces is North Korean. Zooming in on the image reveals the Chinese flag. Tickets to access the bridge cost 30 yuan per person, and the walk from the bridgehead to the broken part is a bit pricey. The tracks to the left of the broken bridge are the train tracks to North Korea! Near the bridge, there are many small groups offering day trips to Sinuiju, all soliciting customers. Just past the broken bridge is an abandoned playground visible from the bridge itself. I'm not sure why there's one there; it gives off a sense of decay.

The Broken Yalu River Bridge is a landmark attraction in Dandong. Located in the city, it measures 944.2 meters long and 11 meters wide. Construction began in May 1909 and was completed in October 1911. Built by the Japanese as part of their invasion of my country, it was subsequently destroyed by bombing by American aircraft. The bridge is a retractable structure. Tickets for the Broken Bridge are 30 yuan.

When you come to Dandong, you will naturally not miss the most famous Broken Bridge in the area. When you walk to the Broken Bridge, because it is the last day of the National Day holiday, there are naturally fewer tourists visiting. There are some vendors selling various North Korean souvenirs by the river. There is a bustling crowd standing on the Broken Bridge. Although the port on the Yalu River has been closed, the scenery of the Broken Bridge is still beautiful.

The Broken Bridge, which was still closed yesterday, is open today. You can walk to the bridge by purchasing a full-price ticket for 30 yuan. On October 19, 1950, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army set out from here, and the clarion call of "Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, Defend the Home and Country" was sounded here.

I have photographed many night scenes of the Broken Bridge in Dandong during my previous visits, using the same camera angle and time period. The difference is that the other side of the bridge was completely dark in North Korea before, but now there are some lights.

The Broken Yalu River Bridge is the remnant of the original Yalu River Bridge, built by the Railway Bureau of the Japanese Governor-General of Korea. Construction began in May 1909 and was completed in October 1911. In November 1950, it was destroyed by a bombing by the US Air Force, becoming a witness to the vicissitudes of history during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

Address and Transportation: The Broken Bridge of the Yalu River is located on the bank of the Yalu River on Jiang'an Road, Zhenxing District, Dandong City, Liaoning Province. It can be reached by bus or taxi.



Opening hours and tickets: The opening hours of the Yalu River Broken Bridge are 08:00-17:00 every day. The ticket price is 30 yuan for full price and 15 yuan for half price (applicable to children under 1.3 meters in height and seniors over 60 years old). Free tickets are available for children under 1.3 meters in height and children aged 6 and under.



Attractions and Activities: The Broken Yalu River Bridge is a historic bridge and a historical witness to the Korean War. From the bridge, visitors can enjoy stunning views of the Yalu River and downtown Dandong. Visitors can also visit the museum and memorial hall on the bridge to learn about its history and culture. The bridge's end section, in particular, showcases its opening and closing, and its navigational operations. While the core section is currently undergoing repairs, it's generally open to visitors.



Note: When visiting the Broken Yalu River Bridge, please keep the area clean and tidy. Do not litter or damage public facilities. Also, please pay attention to safety, follow relevant regulations and warning signs, and do not climb or cross the safety railings.



Surrounding Facilities: The area surrounding the Broken Yalu River Bridge is home to numerous restaurants, shops, and parking lots, allowing you to choose the right accommodation and dining options based on your needs and budget. The night market is the busiest part of the area, featuring stalls selling small games, snacks, and handicrafts. Roadside parking is limited, and private parking is often seen along the way, attracting customers. This section of the road is often congested.



Night View and Lighting: The night view of the Broken Bridge on the Yalu River is stunning, and the lighting creates a romantic and cozy atmosphere. If you'd like to take photos of the night view, it's recommended to visit at night and use a tripod to stabilize your camera.

It is a portrayal of the Japanese devils' construction and plunder of China's resources, and their wolfish ambition to invade China.

The American devils blew it up, revealing the true face of American imperialism that is rampant around the world and seeking hegemony.

Today, this is the best base for patriotic education.

The Korean War arrived on our doorstep; it was a war we had to fight. It's hard to imagine the soldiers fighting the Americans with such crude weapons. I wonder if the cannonball at the severed head is the original.

The Japanese built two Yalu River steel bridges for the purpose of invasion: one was blown up during the Korean War, leaving only four arches on the Chinese side, and is now designated as a scenic spot; the other is still an important transportation route between China and North Korea, but with the changing times, it is gradually unable to meet the transportation needs, and it is said that a new bridge is being built.



Tickets to the Broken Bridge cost 30 yuan each. The wind was even stronger than on the mountain, freezing my hands and feet and causing a sharp pain in my head. I ran furiously all the way to the farthest point of the bridge, where the bomb had destroyed it. Gazing at the roaring Yalu River below and the North Korean border across the way, I was overcome with emotion. North Korea had recently detonated a so-called "hydrogen bomb," and the people of Jilin felt the shock. It's hard to say whether having such a neighbor is a blessing or a curse.

I went there at night and stayed near the Broken Bridge. It was a few minutes' walk to the open park along the river. There was a lively night market at night, and the citizens had a lot of cultural activities. The Broken Bridge was also very eye-catching at night. It was not a long walk and not tiring. North Korea on the other side was pitch black and mysterious.

Just because of the songs I sang when I was a child and the Chinese language class, the volunteer soldiers sang and crossed the Yalu River with high spirits, this complex has always been in my heart. Finally, I came here and walked on the Broken Bridge. The calm river, the magnificent bridge, the history of the bridge, and North Korea on the other side of the bridge all made me think a lot. It is a place you must visit when you come to Dandong

Construction began in 1909. The fourth span from the Chinese side serves as an opening and closing beam. It rotates 90 degrees around the fourth circular pier to facilitate navigation for passing ships. Each rotation takes 20 minutes. It was destroyed by US bombing during the Korean War. The four spans remaining on the Chinese side bear witness to the conflict.

Dandong's Broken Yalu River Bridge, originally the first bridge across the Yalu River, was built in 1909. It is 944.2 meters long and 11 meters wide, with twelve spans. The fourth span from the Chinese side serves as an opening and closing beam. It rotates 90 degrees around the fourth circular pier to facilitate navigation for passing ships, taking 20 minutes per rotation. It was destroyed by US bombing during the Korean War. The remaining four spans on the Chinese side bear witness to the war. It is now a national patriotic education center. Visitors can access the bridge with a ticket.

I went there before going to North Korea last summer, mainly to study history. This is related to my family. The older generation of my family was a volunteer soldier. You can book tickets online in advance, and you can also book cruises in advance.

Go and see the Yalu River Bridge, this broken bridge that was left after being bombed by the US Air Force. This bridge is a historical witness of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

The iron bridge across the Yalu River was bombed by the US military during the Korean War

The night view is beautiful. There are not many people in winter, but there are a lot of people in summer.

Dandong is separated from North Korea by a river. Looking at North Korea from the Broken Bridge, I feel the rise of our great motherland and feel very proud.

It's not worth a special trip to just stroll around at night.

It happened that the clouds in the sky that day were very cooperative, it was really beautiful, and it looked great no matter how you took the photos. Walking up the bridge, you can see trains, buses, trucks running on the bridge opposite... You can also read the historical interpretation on the bridge. When you walk to the broken bridge, you can see the traces of bridge bombing and bullet holes left by history.

Dandong is a very small city.

I have nothing to do, so I wander around.

Comparison chart between China and North Korea!

The Broken Bridge over the Yalu River is arguably Dandong's most famous attraction. Built by the Japanese in 1909, it was destroyed by bombing during the Korean War. The Chinese side of the bridge still stands, serving as a patriotic education center. Actually, there's not much to see on the bridge besides some propaganda boards and bullet holes, so it's better to take photos underneath.

The ticket price is 30 yuan, and you can see North Korea across the street. It is a recommended check-in spot when visiting Dandong.

Construction began in 1905 and was completed in 1911 by the Japanese. In 1950, during the Korean War, the US military used B-29 bombers to destroy the bridge in an effort to prevent Chinese troops and supplies from crossing the river to aid Korea.

At the head of the Broken Bridge stands a large sculpture of Marshal Peng Dehuai leading his troops across the Yalu River. To the left of the sculpture stand two anti-aircraft machine guns used for air defense. During the National Day holiday, the crowds at the Broken Bridge were as large as those at the West Lake Bridge. The third span of the bridge features a scissor-shaped bridge, allowing the deck to be split and rotated to accommodate larger ships. The end of the bridge retains its original appearance from the bombing by the US military. The few remaining piers on the North Korean side are now a haven for waterfowl, happily roaming these isolated islands, undisturbed by human presence.

Ticket price: 30 yuan

Reference time: 1 hour

The Broken Yalu River Bridge is one of Dandong's iconic attractions, located right next to the Yalu River Bridge. It is a relic of Japanese colonial rule. The bridge is painted light blue, symbolizing the remembrance of colonial rule and the war of aggression, and the hope and maintenance of world peace. The thousands of bullet holes still visible on the broken bridge serve as historical witnesses to the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea.

Dandong is a heroic city. The first batch of Chinese People's Volunteers crossed this iron bridge built by the Japanese. Today, the Chinese side has become a tourist attraction and a patriotic education base, while the North Korean side dismantled the bombed bridge and steel frame after the war.

In October, it is so hot at noon that many people are sweating.

A must-see place when visiting the Yalu River. It is recommended to come at sunrise or sunset when the light is the softest and the river view is the most beautiful.

At the Sino-North Korean border, my sister and I were on the bridge, enjoying the breeze and looking out over the territory of Jin Dabeitou. It was a great experience. The ticket was 28 yuan, and then we went on a boat tour, which was a reasonable price of 60 yuan. There are bullet holes on the bridge over the Yalu River, so remember history! Highly recommended

It records the history of more than 60 years ago, when trains and cars came and went on Xinqiao, most of whom were Chinese tourists traveling to North Korea.

Dandong's Broken Yalu River Bridge was originally the first bridge over the Yalu River. The fourth span from the Chinese side served as an opening and closing beam. Using the fourth circular pier as its axis, it could rotate 90 degrees to facilitate navigation for passing ships. Each rotation took 20 minutes. It was destroyed by US bombing during the Korean War. The four spans remaining on the Chinese side bear witness to the war's history. It is now a national-level patriotic education base.

Feel the vicissitudes of history and cherish the good life now. It is hard not to see it when you come to Dandong. The night view is great.

A broken bridge, a piece of history, engraved in our hearts

After all, it is a historical relic that records the war of that year.

The Broken Yalu River Bridge is located on the Yalu River in Dandong, Liaoning Province. Originally the first major bridge across the Yalu River, the Sino-North Korean border, it was built in 1909. The bridge is 944.2 meters long and 11 meters wide, with twelve spans. The fourth span is a "sliding beam" that rotates to facilitate navigation. During the Korean War, the bridge was destroyed by US military bombing. The four spans remaining on the Chinese side stand as important historical witnesses of the war and are well worth a visit.

There are many parking spaces on the roadside. You can go early and park your car on the roadside. It is more convenient and the surrounding scenery is nice.

The Yalu River Broken Bridge: Why did it become a Broken Bridge? No one has explained. What's the point of having a Broken Bridge there? If you want to use it, you can connect it to facilitate the people on both sides. If you don't want to use it, you can dismantle it to facilitate navigation.

There is another road next to it, which can be used by trains and cars.

You buy tickets to go up the bridge, you look at the scenery on the bridge, and I look at the scenery under the bridge. There are many Korean tourists visiting.



The Broken Bridge with the national flag flying reminds me of the time when I went to Hangzhou in high school and saw the Broken Bridge covered in snow. This is what the Broken Bridge in my mind should look like. It turns out that I am still a romantic who pursues reality rather than poetry and painting.

The broken bridge piers remind people to remember history. The other side of the bridge is Sinuiju, North Korea.

Standing by the broken bridge with an umbrella, I seemed to see billowing smoke from afar.

It has a heavy sense of history and it is necessary to visit and learn.

I rushed to the riverside to see the Broken Bridge early in the morning. There were few people on the riverside. From a distance, the other side of the river was empty, with only a few houses emitting smoke from their chimneys. Looking at the Broken Bridge, a sense of historical vicissitudes came to my mind.

Please first study "Korean War" on Baidu

Broken Bridge on the Yalu River - The UN forces are very good at fighting. They bombed your side and left our side unharmed!

The map screenshot clearly shows that it was the North Korean part that was bombed, and the description of the bridge also states this.

For some reason, no one from North Korea came to pay their respects, but people from this side came to watch the fun.

Don't forget to take 30 yuan to buy the ticket.

A very memorable place, worth a visit.

The two banks of the river offer strikingly different landscapes. To the north, Dandong City boasts lush green mountains, shady trees, towering skyscrapers, and a bustling bustle of traffic. The scenery is breathtakingly beautiful, while to the south lies North Korea's Sinuiju. Sinuiju is nestled in a sparse green canopy, with a few rooftops glimpsed through the treetops, signaling the city's presence. Tickets to the Broken Bridge Scenic Area cost 30 yuan, and a two-hour tour of the Broken Bridge and the Yalu River is sufficient.

The ticket cost 27 yuan, but I didn’t go up. I just looked at it from below. There’s no point in going up.

Passing by the Yalu River Floating Bridge, the driver specifically asked us to take photos. This bridge was a broken bridge on the Yalu River. After it was destroyed by American bombing, the troops had to build a simple floating bridge nearby for transportation. North Korea is on the other side of the bridge.

The ticket to the Broken Bridge is 30 yuan, but you can buy it online for a cheaper price. You can see from the cross section that it's been renovated. That's right, a cross section that's been bombed wouldn't last long.

There is also a national flag, with North Korea behind it. Many people are taking photos here. In fact, when we get on this bridge, we are actually standing on North Korean territory. The place closest to North Korea can be seen. The area facing the bridge is quite prosperous. According to people watching North Korea through binoculars nearby, there are people holding weddings in the hotel over there.

The scenery was quite nice. The two bridges looked very impressive. You can buy a ticket to visit the Broken Bridge, but you must visit before 5 pm. It's essentially just a round trip.

The Broken Bridge of the Yalu River is full of historical atmosphere. Walking on the Broken Bridge made me feel the strength of the motherland and the majesty of China.

The Yalu River Iron Bridge has appeared in many movies, TV series, and documentaries about the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. It is very well-known and is a household name throughout the country.

The Yalu River Bridge is also the core attraction of the Yalu River Scenic Area. The Yalu River Scenic Area consists of six major scenic areas: Lujiang, Shuifeng, Taiping Bay, Hushan, and Daqiaojiangkou. It is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, rich cultural landscape, unique geographical location, and superior environmental protection. It is a good place to take in the scenery of the two countries, pay tribute to historical relics, and enhance patriotism.

The Broken Bridge is even quieter at night, as if it is an old man of time, telling the humiliation experienced, the dignity gained, and the victory achieved.

There were some people at the ticket office trying to attract customers, saying they could take me to North Korea for 100 RMB... They kept circling around me...

I walked up to the security guard at the ticket office and asked him about it. He said they were all scammers. They would just take you to the border and leave. It would be impossible to enter the country... Be careful, everyone, don't be fooled~

The entrance fee to the bridge is 30 RMB, but it is said that locals don’t have to pay.

Well, I thought -8°C wouldn't be a big deal, but then I went up there and was hit by a strong wind for half an hour. It was a real bummer! Even the mask I'd been keeping in my backpack was blown out. In a nutshell, it was like my face was paralyzed! The wind on the bridge was like turning on a fan in a freezer. My nose was running and everything... wtf...

It is worth recommending. Walking on the Broken Bridge feels like having an intimate contact with history. From time to time, North Korean cruise ships and fishing boats pass by under the bridge and greet us.

There is no snow beside the broken bridge, two bridges stand side by side, one half

Across the Yalu River, it was blown up on the North Korean side

The Broken Yalu Bridge was the first bridge across the Yalu River. Construction began in May 1909 and was completed in October 1911. It was built by the Railway Bureau of the then-Japanese Governor-General of Korea. The Korean side of the bridge was sunk by US bombers during the Korean War, with two duds found on the bridge, leaving a lasting impression. From the end of the bridge, one can see North Korea on the other side. The contrast between the skyscrapers of Dandong on one side and the sparse population of North Korea on the other side is striking and deeply moving.

The location of the Broken Bridge is really easy to find. You can get there by walking towards the river after getting off the train, or by walking south or north along the river. The Broken Bridge on the Yalu River is basically one of the iconic buildings of the city of Dandong.

When we arrived at the Broken Bridge, the sunrise had not yet begun, but the skyline on the other side had been painted with a faint purple light by the rising sun, gradually changing from purple to slightly blue. The whole scene was beautiful and quite touching, as if a sense of the times was calling us. It is indeed not a wasted trip.

When the sun rises and its rays reach the North Korean side, the banks of the Yalu River look like a natural painting. So beautiful! So beautiful!

In fact, the light remained in good condition half an hour after sunrise, and the sun was still slanting, so the outline of the Broken Bridge still showed a three-dimensional effect.

Stepping onto the Broken Bridge, it's been so renovated that it no longer resembles a building originally built in the early 20th century. A large observation deck has been constructed at the end of the bridge, very close to the border and within easy reach of Sinuiju. You can clearly see people moving about on the other side. Of course, if you want a clearer view, you can pay a few coins to use the telescope on the deck. Someone using one said you can clearly see everyone's movements, a bit like peeping.

The Broken Bridge Ruins area isn't very large, spanning only half the length of the Yalu River. A quick tour takes about ten minutes, but if you're interested in learning more about the history of the Broken Bridge, you can easily spend half an hour or more. I spent about half an hour exploring the area, mainly taking photos. The bridge itself is particularly striking, as it highlights the stark contrast between the Chinese and North Korean sides.

To photograph the Broken Bridge, you do need a commanding height to capture the "break" of the bridge. Therefore, if conditions permit, you can stay in a hotel behind the Broken Bridge scenic area, and make sure to get a room facing the Yalu River, and at least on the fifth floor or above.

A place with a strong sense of history, it is worth a visit~

Dandong's landmarks. On the left is the Sino-Chao Friendship Bridge, and on the right is the Broken Bridge over the Yalu River. North Korea's Sinuiju is across the river. Go walk up the bridge. Also, just south of the Broken Bridge (from the Friendship Bridge toward the Broken Bridge), there's a Chinese border marker, Boundary Marker No. 11. I foolishly missed that. (I thought Boundary Marker No. 12 at the border post on the Friendship Bridge was the only visible marker, and it's inaccessible to tourists.)

War relics and historical relics



In 1909, the Railway Bureau of the Japanese Governor-General's Office in Korea forcibly built this railway bridge across the Yalu River, which was completed in October 1911. The famous Yalu River Broken Bridge, which has weathered many vicissitudes of life, is 944.2 meters long, 11 meters wide, and has 12 spans, 6 on each side of China and North Korea.



During the Korean War, the US military launched a series of indiscriminate bombings on November 8, 1950, to cut off supply lines. All that remained of the Chinese side was the four-arch bridge. In June 1993, it was designated a tourist attraction. There are viewing platforms at the original bridge's rotation and the site of the explosion, a watchtower, and 30 panels depicting the bridge's history.



In June 2001, it was designated a National Patriotic Education Base by the Central Propaganda Department. In August 2004, it was designated a key national red tourism scenic spot by the National Development and Reform Commission. It encourages people to remember the war of aggression, hope for and safeguard world peace, and inspire patriotic enthusiasm and a desire to serve their country.



Climbing the Broken Bridge, I walked along the iron structure toward the center of the river, crossed the four-arched broken bridge, and reached the end of the broken bridge, where the border lay. Before me lay the desolate, lonely bluestone bridge piers, riddled with bullet holes. In the distance, a two-story building loomed—this was Sinuiju, North Korea.

The ticket price on the Yalu River is 30 yuan. The unique opening and closing beam method still has traces of bombing and is worth a visit.

After all, there is not much to go in Dandong City.

Across the street is North Korea. This bridge has witnessed history.

If you want to climb the Broken Bridge over the Yalu River, you should go to the Dandong side of China. It is worth a visit. People who do not enter North Korea can get a closer look at the scenery of Sinuiju, North Korea, and see the differences between the two countries on both sides of the Yalu River. See the Broken Bridge and remember this history.

The Broken Bridge over the Yalu River, located at the mouth of the Dandong River, was originally named Qingcheng Bridge. On March 29, 1951, the US military dispatched six waves of over 30 aircraft to bomb the bridge, destroying it. Today, to commemorate the heroic martyrs of the Korean War, statues of Peng Dehuai, Mao Anying, Qiu Shaoyun, Huang Jiguang, and many other heroes have been erected at the bridgehead to inspire future generations to defend the motherland.

The "Yalu River Bridge" is a historical monument that has experienced the baptism of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, and remembers the glorious history of the Chinese people defending the motherland with their blood and lives and selflessly helping North Korea.

Broken Bridge on the Yalu River

Ticket price: 30 yuan (15 yuan for students) Tour duration: about half an hour

Transportation: It's a 10-minute walk from Dandong Station, or you can take a taxi (the starting price for taxis in Dandong is 5 yuan, which is very cheap!)



As someone who is quite illiterate about history, "crossing the Yalu River with high spirits and high spirits" is probably my most direct memory of the Korean War. Finally arriving at the Broken Bridge, the bullet holes left on the bridge deck etched a fragmentary memory of the arduous struggle. Only during the tour guide's explanation did I learn that the construction technology behind this scissor-beam bridge rivaled that of London Bridge. It's said that the chief designer, out of hatred for the Japanese, threw one of the keys to the bridge into the Yalu River, but I'm not sure if this is true.

This photo was taken at the Tiger Leap Express Hotel. The angle is good. The ticket price is 30, but I didn't go in.

The bridge is painted light blue, symbolizing the remembrance of colonial rule and wars of aggression, and the hope and maintenance of world peace. This bridge, originally built during the Japanese colonial period, connects Dandong, China, and Sinuiju, North Korea. Construction began in 1909. It is 944.2 meters long and 11 meters wide, with twelve spans. The fourth span from the Chinese side serves as an opening and closing beam. The span, pivoting around the fourth circular pier, can rotate 90 degrees to facilitate navigation by larger vessels. From November 1950 to February 1951, invading US aircraft bombed the bridge repeatedly, destroying the North Korean side of the Yalu River Bridge. Only a few concrete piers remain, rendering the bridge useless. Thousands of bullet holes remain on the broken bridge, a testament to the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. To this day, the broken bridge stands like a monument in the middle of the Yalu River, silently commemorating the heroic deeds of the Chinese People's Volunteers and the devastation it inflicted on humanity. The bridge resonated with the Volunteer Army anthem, "Valiant and high-spirited, we cross the Yalu River," and Guo Lanying's rendition of "My Motherland," with its lines like, "A vast river with broad waves, The wind blows the fragrance of rice flowers on both banks. When friends come, we have good wine; when jackals come, we have hunting rifles." The song's artistic conception perfectly aligns with the scenic spot's theme. The scenery was quite pleasant. Looking out at the rolling river from the Broken Bridge, imagining the scene of the soldiers crossing the river during the Korean War was quite moving.

The iconic attraction is indeed a stop that cannot be missed when visiting Dandong. Here you can see the Broken Bridge of the Yalu River, remember the history, look at the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge today, or look at North Korea across the Broken Bridge.

The Broken Bridge scenic area is quite large, with adult tickets costing 30 yuan, senior tickets 15 yuan, and children free. Inside, you'll find watchtowers from the Korean War. The bridge was blown apart in the middle by American bombs, and it seems the break is closer to the North Korean side. Walking to the end of the bridge offers a close-up view of North Korea, and binoculars are available for rental. However, there's not much to see on the North Korean side; it feels quite desolate, with few buildings and few people.

The Broken Bridge is truly impressive! Visitors can see the bullet holes left by American military aircraft. From the bridge, you can overlook Sinuiju, North Korea, though it seemed deserted the day I visited.

To me, this is just a piece of history, a landmark, and a trace left by a war. But to my mother and her generation, this history is the years of their passion.